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Il periodo Heian Heian period (794-1185) 3

During the second half of the twelfth century, Japan became a reality in the process of transferring power from the Civil Court and the aristocracy (the kuge ) to the military class, or Samura, forgiatasi warriors around large families (the buke) who had consolidated power in the provinces. Descendants of some collateral branches from prestigious families in the capital or of the imperial dynasty, the buke they feel their political and military when they were involved in disputes over the imperial succession, from one of these dispute era infatti scoppiata una guerra civile nota come Hogen no ran , cioè rivolta dell'era Hogen ( 1156-1158 ), che vide contrapporsi sui campi di battaglia due clan militari delle province rivali, i Taira e i Minamoto , rispettivamente sostenitori dell' Imperatore Go Shirakawa e dell' Imperatore in ritiro Sutoku . I primi (noti anche come Heishi o Heike ) discendevano dal figlio dell' Imperatore Kanmu e avevano stabilito un potere personale nelle regioni del Mare Interno, a ovest, mentre l'altro clan, quello dei Minamoto (o Genji ), creato nell'814 dall' Imperatore Saga , was located in the Kanto region in the east.

The Taira, led by their leader Kiyomori (1118-1181), had won the Civil War, defeated in 1156 i Minamoto, who meanwhile were upset by serious internal divisions. Furthermore, after a foiled uprising broke out in 1159 and cappeggiata by Minamoto survivors and family Fujiwara ( revolt Heijo ) Kiyomori imposed the dominance of his clan for two decades (1160-1180 ), which takes name Rokuhara period. In recent years, he moved to Heian Kiyomori where settled themselves and members his family in high positions of the court, he married the daughter of the emperor and, in 1180, did ascend the imperial throne of his nephew just two years, Antoku (1178-1185). In this way, he established a direct control over the Court, with virtually the same methods used by Fujiwara in previous centuries. Kiyomori, however, did not bother to consolidate its position towards the other warrior clans in the province, rather than relying on traditional forms of power, but in doing so, the powerful warrior family, they saw in him an authority able and willing to protect their interests in the country, to this was added the fact that Kiyomori, because of his violence and his despotism, became hated by many, even those who had initially claimed.

And so it came to constitute a anti-coalition led by Taira Yoritomo (1147-1199), one of the Minamoto Kiyomori spared after the uprising Heijo. As a young adult in the custody of a minor branch of the Taira, the Hojo in 1180 Yoritomo in fact challenged the authority of Kiyomori and the Heian Court, taking advantage of the request for help from a prince imperial rebel early leaders military across the country began at his side. The vast army of Yoritomo failed to win the coalition led by Taira: after the death of Kiyomori (1181), the Minamoto took the capital in 1183, I drove the Taira and destroyed the latter in the naval battle of Dannoura ( 1185), in that famous battle, among others, were killed several members of the Court, including child emperor Antoku. From this conflict, known as the War Genpei ( 1180-1185), Minamoto Yoritomo then went unchallenged as a military leader of the country and this would have had a great time to inaugurate a new order and a new phase of Japanese history.

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Col Heian period (794-1185), we are witnessing the decline of the imperial government, which gradually lost power and control over the country, we can never establish a full and effective authority over the other clan. Meanwhile, the actual political and economic power had passed into civilian hands of the aristocracy, led by the most influential family of the Court, Fujiwara . However, even the nobility of the capital had ended up losing control over the political and economic life of the country, remaining attached to the refined court ceremonies and devoting their energies to the arts, poetry and the pleasures rather than the administration of the state. Meanwhile, off stage, away from the literary and artistic splendours of the capital dominated by Fujiwara, other players were slowly laying the foundations for an entirely new Japan. It was the

provincial nobility, composed of powerful local leaders and aristocrats of low rank, generally coming from collateral branches of the Fujiwara or imperial, including imperial family lineage "excluded" , such as Tachibana, the Taira or Minamoto , deprived of the right of succession to the throne, a practice started during the reign of ' Shomu Emperor (724-749), many of these families had chosen to improve their status moving in the provinces, where they could buy high public or assume the direct management of agricultural properties. In addition to the social prestige and political and economic power, these "noble country, often despised by the nobility Central, also took a considerable military force that would have allowed them to enter the protagonists in the political competition, dictating new rules and aspiring to higher positions.

To determine the 'rise of this military aristocracy of the provinces (the buke ) , at the expense of civilian capital (the kuge ), participation of a complex set of economic, social and political one these was the separation between ownership and possession : in poche parole, gran parte della terra coltivabile, pur essendo proprietà privata (detta shoen ) delle grandi famiglie aristocratiche di Corte o di istituzioni religiose, veniva da queste ultime lasciata in affidamento a famiglie dell'aristocrazia provinciale che avevano il compito di amministrarle in loro vece. In questo modo, mentre i legittimi proprietari, risiedenti spesso lontani dalle proprie tenute agricole, finivano per perdere il controllo diretto su di esse, e di conseguenza sui loro proventi, la nobiltà di provincia stava facendosi un' esperienza concreta di governo , consolidando sempre di più il proprio potere su terre e contadini. Inoltre, come ho già accennato sopra, i nobili provinciali riuscirono achieve a military force personnel when, with the coming of the capacity of the central government to maintain order in the country, was asked to organize bodies of fighters to defend their land from bandits, from warrior monks and by criminals of all sorts.

This favored the emergence and development of prominent figures of warriors provincial elite members of local, dedicated military training in the arts (such as archery or fencing), and equipped with armor and horses. It was the ninth between the tenth century, following the decline of the imperial army to conscription, which proved ineffective, the strength and military talents were exercised in ever more exclusive by these professionals of the war, initially called bushi (thugs) or saburai (those who serve), then became known under the name of samurai. Over time, the samurai, originally military and civil servants of the ruling elites, assumed total control on agricultural land, as their military might exceed that of the great families of the civilian, who instead showed a profound contempt for weapons and military activity. In addition, they forged a 'common identity as a class separate from the rest of the company, by acquiring behavior rules, coining their own culture and, above all, establishing in them a network of hierarchical relationships.