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Taira Kiyomori Taira Kiyomori


Taira no Kiyomori (1118-1181) è un noto samurai del XII secolo, che negli ultimi anni del periodo Heian (794-1185) dominò la scena politica giapponese alla guida di un potente clan militare dell'epoca, i Taira . Suo padre Tadamori (1096-1153) aveva servito la Corte imperiale in 1129 Pirates of subduing the South East, and he had also allowed the rise of the Taira in the Capital from a strange incident while serving on guard at the palace, stopped an old lamplighter that he had alarmed the emperor, in so doing, Tadamori ingratiates it was who gave him his favorite concubine as a sign of gratitude for having calmed. Kiyomori was born from the union with the lady, who, once grown, would have boasted of his imperial blood in his veins.

Tadamori Following the death, which occurred in 1153, Kiyomori succeeded in driving the clan and took steps to further strengthen the power of the Taira. To this end, took advantage of disorders caused by certain sects of Buddhism like Tendai, whose legions of warrior-monks ( Sohei ), armed with naginata , threatened the capital. It was practically a monastic congregation, which became very powerful through the acquisition of private property ( Shoen ), were constantly fighting among themselves to increase land and prestige, not hesitating to make their religious and military strength at the same Court. To propitiate the favor of the Emperor, Kiyomori thought well then take action against them: in 1164, he attacked the monks who were causing disturbances with an arrow and hit the big shrine mobile they were carrying. They were joined by other attacks on religious institutions (such as Todaji Nara), which were by him destroyed and looted. With such an appeal to the despotism and violence Kiyomori could receive respect and charges and the ability to deal with the internal politics of the Emperor and the government. In this way, but Kiyomori came in contrast to the Fujiwara family (then quite influential in the Court) and with the Minamoto clan military that supported it. Political opposition eventually lead, in 1156, in the civil war known as Hogen no ran , that turned Hogen era (1156-1158) begun as a dispute over the succession between the 'Emperor retired Sutoku el' reigning Emperor Go Shirakawa . It was the first clash between the Taira and Mianmoto respectively supporters and Shirakawa Sutoku; eventually Kiyomori came out the winner, thanks in particular to the support of Yoshitomo, a leading member of Mianamoto who had passed on his side. However, Yoshitomo, following the death of his father and his brother, fighting in the ranks opposed, could not help but follow the moral norm that "a man can not live under the same roof as the killers of his father": in 1159, then led the Minamoto and Fujiwara survivors against the troops of the Taira gathered in the capital ( Rivolta Heijo ), but was defeated and killed in 1160. There followed many executions that decimated the Minamoto clan, although Kiyomori, in contrast to his cruelty and customs of the time, saved the whole offspring of Yoshitomo, probably prompted by the pleas of a concubine of a rebel, Tokiwa .

emerged victorious by Hogen rebellion and the Heijo, Kiyomori exercised undisputed dominion on the court for about two decades that Rokuhara period (1160-1180), which takes its name from the residence, home to the headquarters of the Taira capital. In this period, Taira replaced the Fujiwara in the role of imperial rulers, taking up the hierarchy of the court and being charged and allocated land in the provinces. As they had done before him Fujiwara, Kiyomori wanted to establish a close link with the imperial dynasty through political marriage, for example by marrying his daughter to a member of the royal family in the hope that an emperor was born Taira. Thus, in 1180 put his grandson on the throne only two years Antoku (1178-1185). But unlike the Fujiwara, the Taira were a family of civil aviation (the kuge ) dedicated to the pomp and ceremony of Court, but were part of the provincial warrior aristocracy (the buke ) were short a clan of samurai, who based his power on the use of force and respect for "Way of the Horse and the Arc" , a sort of moral code of ethics of the warrior.

However, settling in Heianko and forming in effect a new group of courtiers, Kiyomori ended up losing the military support of the provinces and moved away from the martial tradition of the countryside, in addition the despotism which was used to defend position arrived at court, gave rise to general discontent, even among those who were initially allies. It was so easy for Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-1199), a son of Yoshitomo escaped death after Heijo the revolt, support the cause of the rebel prince Mochihito , and become the leader of a broad coalition anti-Taira samurai who led against Kiyomori from the eastern provinces. War broke out as the Genpei (1180-1185) ended with the expulsion of the Taira from the capital, and their destruction in the naval battle of Dannoura (among others there lost his life the Emperor Antoku child). Went down like this forever Kiyomori of the clan, who died of fever in 1181 just one year after the outbreak of the conflict.

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Il mondo letterario del Genji Monogatari Tale of Genji

the beginning of 'the eleventh century, and specifically around the year 1004, the noble Murasaki Shikibu (973-1014?) scrisse il Genji Monogatari (La storia di Genji), considerato il massimo capolavoro della letteratura giapponese e il primo romanzo della letteratura mondiale. Quest'opera trova il suo contesto storico-culturale nella corte imperiale del periodo Heian (794-1185) e fa parte di una ricca e pregevole produzione letteraria e artistica che ruota in modo pressoché esclusivo attorno all' aristocrazia civile (i kuge ) del tempo. Allo stesso tempo, il Genji Monogatari ci offre un quadro vivace e accurato della vita sociale e privata della nobiltà di corte, trascurando, tuttavia, tutto ciò che avveniva fuori dal mondo culturale aristocratico della Capitale, un mondo tanto colto e raffinato quanto elitario e circoscritto.

Le espressioni culturali più elevate del periodo si ebbero, infatti, all'interno del ridotto gruppo di nobili che componeva la società di corte di Heiankyo e viveva nel palazzo imperiale o nelle vicine residenze dell'aristocrazia. In questa èlite creativa, dove la cura per l'abbigliamento, per l'etichetta e per le arti determinava lo status e la reputazione di un individuo, le donne , ormai escluse dall'esercizio del potere politico, svolgevano un ruolo culturale rilevante. Infatti, secondo la divisione dei ruoli basata sulla differenza di genere , una delle originali concezioni del periodo Heian, mentre gli uomini erano absorbed by the political commitment, ingenuity women could turn to writing and so dominate the literary world, giving birth to the first masterpieces in kana (or Japanese).

Not surprisingly, many writings of this period, usually nikki (diaries) or monogatari (tales, long and short) were written by the ladies of the court, among which, of course, Murasaki Shikibu. However, the author of the Genji Monogarari know very little. Even its name is uncertain because Shikibu's daughter was called a low-ranking courtier of the Ministry of Rites (Shikibu ) belonging to a minor branch Fujiwara of . The name Murasaki, meaning "purple", derives from one of the protagonists of the novel, Murasaki no Ue . Married with Fujiwara in 999 but was widowed two years later, entered the court Shikibu as a lady's companion Shoshi, one of the wives of the 'Emperor Ichijo , found himself at the center of a brilliant group of women who are passionate about literature . In this environment of fierce rivalry that existed naturally ladies are often manifested in the political intrigues of the court, in love and show off their literary skills.

In this context, Shikibu composed in the first decade of the 'Century XI the Genji Monogatari, his masterpiece. The work, episodic and complex, with a large number of characters is divided into 54 books that tell the story of Genji , an imaginary prince, and his descendants. The story is structured so that each episode that the essays can be enjoyed separately, although they clearly part of a larger whole. The first two thirds describe the youth and the maturity of Genji, the "shining prince" the court of Heian. The rest, however, describes the world after his death. Genji is the ideal courtier - son of an emperor, refined musician, poet, painter and dancer, but is above all a great seducer, who lives several love stories, some fleeting and superficial, more profound and lasting suffered, but in each of these stories shows that touch and elegance that belong in the environment of the Court.

However, Murasaki Shikibu does not just make a record of a long series of lovers, or describe the surface appearance of court life, but also offers a thorough psychological analysis of the characters that populate his novel. But the Genji Monogatari is even more significant when you consider that is the manifest cultural values \u200b\u200bof the aristocracy of Heian , values \u200b\u200bexemplified by the same figure of Prince Genji. One of these is the Miyabi , sort di ideale estetico dell'eleganza, della raffinatezza e di quella cura nei modi, nelle parole e nei sentimenti volta a eliminare ogni grossolaneità e rozzezza. Un'altro ideale estetico che troviamo nell'opera di Shikibu è, poi, il mono no aware (letteralmente, tristezza delle cose), ovvero un senso di ansietà che nasce dalla consapevolezza della transitorietà e della precarietà di ogni cosa terrena. Tale percezione, di chiara matrice buddhista, divenne predominante nella fase conclusiva del periodo Heian (e soprattutto nel successivo periodo Kamakura), ma la troviamo già nel Genji Monogatari nel quale, attraverso la ricorrente metafora della fioritura dei ciliegi o la stessa immagine del protagonista, esprime the idea that the peak of vitality and beauty coincide with the beginning of its decay and decline.